by

by

The Polish word "by" is a particle used in conditional sentences, expressing wishes, hypothetical situations, or polite requests, often equivalent to "would" or "were to" in English.

Here, 'bym' in 'chciałbym' is used as a conditional mood marker combined with the verb to express a hypothetical or desired action.

Chciałbym pojechać na wakacje.

I would like to go on vacation.

In this sentence, 'Był' is the third person singular past tense form of the verb 'być' (to be), showing a completed action that occurred in the past.

Był tam wcześniej, zanim zaczęło padać.

He was there earlier, before it started raining.

Here, 'by' is used as a subordinating conjunction to introduce a purpose clause.

Musisz ćwiczyć, by osiągnąć sukces.

You have to practice in order to achieve success.