üstü

üstü

"Üstü" means "the top, surface, or upper part of something" in English.

Here, 'üstü' (modified to 'üstünde') means 'on top of' and shows a positional relationship; it is used to indicate the location of the vase relative to the bookshelf.

Kitaplığın üstünde eski bir vazo vardı.

On top of the bookshelf there was an old vase.

Here, 'üstü' (modified to 'üstüne') means 'over' or 'on top of,' demonstrating an action of layering clothing over another.

Elbisenin üstüne bir ceket aldım.

I put on a jacket over the dress.

Here, 'üstü' refers to the top or upper side of the house, used to identify a structural part.

Evin üstü çatıdır.

The top of the house is the roof.