No. 3,615 in Polish
e
The Polish word "e" is an informal interjection used to express doubt, hesitation, or surprise.
In a sentence
Ona lubi kawę i herbatę, ale czasem wybiera wodę z cytryną e limonką.
She likes coffee and tea, but sometimes she chooses water with lemon and lime.
Here, "e" connects two objects in a list, functioning as a conjunction meaning "and."
Nauczycielem był Jan Kowalski, e później Marek Nowak.
The teacher was Jan Kowalski, and later Marek Nowak.
Here, "e" introduces additional information about a sequence, implying continuation or addition, similar to "and later."
Pracowali nad projektem samodzielnie, e nie bez problemów.
They worked on the project independently, albeit not without problems.
In this instance, "e" signals an alternative thought or contrast, akin to "albeit."
Hear it in real podcasts
The recording above is a synthetic voice. Hear how people say “e” in actual Polish podcasts.
Find “e” in podcastsLearn it from shows you like
LangTurbo plays Polish podcasts with a transcript and the English under every line. Tap a word like this one and it tells you what it means right there.
Get the appPolish books and courses on Amazon (an affiliate link: a purchase through it supports this site).